Red List Status
LC - Least Concern, (IUCN version 3.1)

Red List Assessment

Red List Status

Is the reassessment subject to the 5-year rule? (Not specified)

Assessment Information

Date of Assessment: 2023-06-06

Reviewed? (Not specified)

Assessor(s): Braun, K.

Reviewer(s): (Not specified)

Contributor(s): (Not specified)

Facilitators/Compilers: (Not specified)

Institution(s): (Not specified)

Acknowledgements: (Not specified)

Regions: Global

Regional Expert Questions: (Not specified)

Assessment Rationale

Streptocarpus davyi has a restricted distribution, with an estimated extent of occurrence of 3,140.515 km² and an area of occupancy of 56 km². There are possible ongoing threats to this plant's habitat from overgrazing by livestock and burning, as well as possible urban expansion. However, based on additional sub-populations being located in 2023 extending its range within Eswatini, and therefore no longer meeting the criteria for Vulnerable status, it has been assessed as Least Concern.
Date last seen: 2023

Reasons for Change

Reason(s) for Change in Red List Category from the Previous Assessment: (Not specified)

Red List Index

Red List Index: (Not specified)

Distribution

Geographic Range

This species is known from the Eswatini highveld, from Mankayane to the Masilela area, with an additional record from the Pilgrims Rest area in South Africa.

Area of Occupancy (AOO)

Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) - in km2	Justification
56	The estimated area of occupancy for this species is based on 16 geo-referenced records, calculated using GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011), with the standard 2x2 km grid cell being applied.

Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO)	Qualifier	Justification
No	Inferred	There is currently no evidence of a decline in area of occupancy for this species.

Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): (Not specified)

Extent of Occurrence (EOO)

Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO)- in km2	EOO estimate calculated from Minimum Convex Polygon	Justification
3140.515	true	The estimated extent of occurrence is based on 22 geo-referenced records, calculated using GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011). All but one of these records are from the Eswatini highveld. It has not yet been possible to confirm the identification of the specimen from South Africa; if this is not Streptocarpus davyii, the estimated extent of occurrence would be 473.751 km2.

Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO)	Qualifier	Justification
No	Inferred	There is currently no evidence of a decline in extent of occurrence for this species.

Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): (Not specified)

Locations Information

Number of Locations	Justification
12	The estimated number of locations is based on information from 22 records for this species. Fieldwork carried out in 2023 found this species in areas which extended its range within Eswatini.

Continuing decline in number of locations	Qualifier	Justification
Unknown	-	Further fieldwork is required to confirm the continued existence of this species at all previously recorded localities.

Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: (Not specified)

Very restricted AOO or number of locations (triggers VU D2)

Very restricted in area of occupancy (AOO) and/or # of locations	Justification
No	This species has been recorded from at least 12 locations, with an estimated area of occupancy of 56 km2.

Elevation / Depth / Depth Zones

Elevation Lower Limit (in metres above sea level): 995

Elevation Upper Limit (in metres above sea level): 1580

Depth Lower Limit (in metres below sea level): (Not specified)

Depth Upper Limit (in metres below sea level): (Not specified)

Depth Zone: (Not specified)

Map Status

Map Status: (Not specified)

Biogeographic Realms

Biogeographic Realm: Afrotropical

Country	Presence	Origin	Formerly Bred	Seasonality
Eswatini	Extant	Native	-	Resident
South Africa -> Mpumalanga	Extant	Native	-	Resident

Population

No detailed population surveys have yet been carried out for this species. Apart from one record, the population is restricted to the Eswatini highveld. It has not yet been possible to trace the one specimen recorded from South Africa to verify its identificaton, but for the purposes of this assessment, it has been assumed that it was correctly identified. As the habitat still exists in the localities from older records, it has been assumed that they still occur in these areas.

Population Information

Current Population Trend: Unknown

Number of mature individuals (=population size): (Not specified)

Extreme fluctuations? (in # of mature individuals): (Not specified)

Severely fragmented? (Not specified)

Continuing decline in mature individuals? (Not specified)

Continuing decline % in mature individuals within 1 generation or 3 years, whichever is longer (up to max. of 100 years in the future): (Not specified)

Continuing decline % in mature individuals within 2 generations or 5 years, whichever is longer (up to max. of 100 years in the future): (Not specified)

Continuing decline % in mature individuals within 3 generations or 10 years, whichever is longer (up to max. of 100 years in the future): (Not specified)

Extreme fluctuations in the number of subpopulations: (Not specified)

Continuing decline in number of subpopulations: (Not specified)

All individuals in one subpopulation: (Not specified)

Number of mature individuals in largest subpopulation: (Not specified)

Number of Subpopulations: (Not specified)

Population Reduction - Past

Percent Change in past: (Not specified)

Past Population Reduction Basis: (Not specified)

Causes of past reduction reversible? (Not specified)

Causes of past reduction understood? (Not specified)

Causes of past reduction ceased? (Not specified)

Population Reduction - Future

Percent Change in future: (Not specified)

Future Population Reduction Basis: (Not specified)

Population Reduction - Ongoing

Both: Percent Change over any 10 year or 3 generation period, whichever is longer, and must include both past and future, future can't go beyond 100 years: (Not specified)

Both Population Reduction Basis: (Not specified)

Causes of both (past and future) reduction reversible? (Not specified)

Causes of both (past and future) reduction understood? (Not specified)

Causes of both (past and future) reduction ceased? (Not specified)

Quantitative Analysis

Probability of extinction in the wild within 3 generations or 10 years, whichever is longer, maximum 100 years: (Not specified)

Probability of extinction in the wild within 5 generations or 20 years, whichever is longer, maximum 100 years: (Not specified)

Probability of extinction in the wild within 100 years: (Not specified)

Habitats and Ecology

This species is found growing in shallow soil on rock, at the base of granite boulders, usually on the south facing side of the boulders, in deep shade. Most of the records are from hilltops, but it has also been observed on hillsides which have exposed granite areas. The vegetation type for the Eswatini records is KaNgwane Montane Grassland (Gm16), and for the one South African record, Long Tom Pass Montane Grassland (Gm31) (Mucina et. al. 2018).

IUCN Habitats Classification Scheme

Habitat	Season	Suitability	Major Importance?
4.7. Grassland -> Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude	-	Suitable	Yes

Continuing Decline in Habitat

Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat?	Qualifier	Justification
Yes	Inferred	Although this species is protected to some degree by its occurrence in very rocky areas, it is possible that it could be affected by urban expansion, as well as habitat degradation due to heavy grazing and burning.

Life History

Generation Length: (Not specified)

Age at maturity: female or unspecified: (Not specified)

Age at Maturity: Male: (Not specified)

Size at Maturity (in cms): Female: (Not specified)

Size at Maturity (in cms): Male: (Not specified)

Longevity: (Not specified)

Average Reproductive Age: (Not specified)

Maximum Size (in cms): (Not specified)

Size at Birth (in cms): (Not specified)

Gestation Time: (Not specified)

Reproductive Periodicity: (Not specified)

Average Annual Fecundity or Litter Size: (Not specified)

Annual Rate of Population Increase: (Not specified)

Natural Mortality: (Not specified)

Does the species lay eggs? (Not specified)

Does the species give birth to live young: (Not specified)

Does the species exhibit parthenogenesis: (Not specified)

Does the species have a free-living larval stage? (Not specified)

Does the species require water for breeding? (Not specified)

Movement Patterns

Movement Patterns: (Not specified)

Congregatory: (Not specified)

Systems

System: Terrestrial

Plant / Fungi Specific

Wild relative of a crop? (Not specified)

Plant and Fungal Growth Forms: (Not specified)

Use and Trade

General Use and Trade Information

Species not utilized: (Not specified)

No use/trade information for this species: true

General notes regarding trade and use of this species: (Not specified)

Local Livelihood: (Not specified)

National Commercial Value: (Not specified)

International Commercial Value: (Not specified)

End Use: (Not specified)

Is there harvest from captive/cultivated sources of this species? (Not specified)

Trend in level of total offtake from wild sources: (Not specified)

Trend in level of total offtake from domesticated sources: (Not specified)

Harvest Trend Comments: (Not specified)

Non- Consumptive Use

Non-consumptive use of the species? (Not specified)

Explanation of non-consumptive use: (Not specified)

Livelihoods

Livelihoods: (Not specified)

Threat	Timing	Scope	Severity
1.1. Residential & commercial development -> Housing & urban areas	Ongoing	Minority (<50%)	Rapid Declines
2.3.2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> Livestock farming & ranching -> Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Ongoing	Majority (50-90%)	Slow, Significant Declines

Conservation

None of the localities for this species within Eswatini fall within a formally protected area. The one record from South Africa is from within Mount Sheba Nature Reserve.

Conservation Actions In- Place

Action Recovery Plan	Note
No	-

Systematic monitoring scheme	Note
No	-

Conservation sites identified	Note
No	-

Occur in at least one PA	Note
Yes	Only one record for this species falls within a protected area, this being the South African record, from Mount Sheba Nature Reserve.

Percentage of population protected by PAs (0-100)	Note
1-10	Only one record for this species falls within a protected area, this being the South African record, from Mount Sheba Nature Reserve.

Area based regional management plan: (Not specified)

Invasive species control or prevention	Note
No	-

Harvest management plan	Note
No	-

Successfully reintroduced or introduced benignly	Note
No	-

Subject to ex-situ conservation	Note
Yes	In the past, material of this species has been collected for growing in botanical gardens. However, it is not known whether these plants are still alive.

Subject to recent education and awareness programmes	Note
No	-

Included in international legislation	Note
No	-

Subject to any international management/trade controls	Note
No	-

Important Conservation Actions Needed

Conservation Actions	Note
1.2. Land/water protection -> Resource & habitat protection	None of the localities for this species within Eswatini currently fall within a formally protected area.
3.4.2. Species management -> Ex-situ conservation -> Genome resource bank	Material has been collected for cultivation in botanical gardens in the past, although it is not known whether any of these plants are still alive.

Research Needed

Research	Note
1.2. Research -> Population size, distribution & trends	Fieldwork is required to determine whether this species still occurs at all the previously recorded localities, and whether it occurs further afield in areas with similar habitats.

Streptocarpus davyi - S.Moore